![]() The map showed various routes for reaching from one port to another. Muslim navigators made extensive use of certain instruments for navigational purposes, including a kind of astrolabe called safiha, for finding the altitude of heavenly bodies, a map of the coast and islands of the sea about which the navigator had a special knowledge and experience, the compass and a wind-rose. There is now a substantial, and growing, literature on the subject in English, German, French, Spanish and other European languages as well as in Arabic, Turkish and Persian. This period roughly coincides with the Golden Age of Islamic science.ĭuring the Golden Age of Islamic science, between the 9th and 16th centuries, Muslim scientists made original, wide-ranging and enduring contributions to botany, chemistry, medicine and surgery, optics, anatomy, astronomy, mathematics, technology, cartography and geography and navigation. ![]() The period between the decline of the Greco-Roman civilization and the Renaissance, which spans nearly 1000 years, is generally described as the Dark Ages in European history, in which no note-worthy developments in science, medicine and technology took place. Vasco da Gama’s Voyage to India and the Ibn Majid Connection
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